The concept of "diabetes"It is customary to denotes a group of endocrine diseases that develop following an absolute or relative deficiency of hormone in the bodyinsulin.In light of this condition, the patient manifests himselfHyperglycaemia- A significant increase in the quantity of glucose in human blood.Diabetes mellitus is characterized by a chronic path.In the process of developing the disease, a violation of the metabolism occurs as a whole: it is violatedfat,protein,carbohydrate,mineralANDSapexchange.According to WHO statistics, about 150 million people are sick in the world of diabetes.By the way, not only a person, but also animals, for example, cats, are diabetes sick.
The meaning of the word "diabetes" from the Greek language is the "deadline".Therefore, the concept of "diabete mellito" means "losing sugar".In this case, the main sign of the disease is shown: the excretion of sugar in the urine.To date, there are many studies on the causes of this disorder, however, the causes of the manifestation of the disease and its complications are not subsequently established.
Types of diabetes
Sometimes diabetes Mellito also occurs in humans as one of the manifestations of the underlying disease.In this case, we are talkingSymptomatic diabeteswhich can occur against the background of the defeatthyroidORpancreas glands,adrenal glands,The pituitary gland.In addition, this form of diabetes develops as consequences of treatment with some drugs.And if the treatment of the disease below passes successfully, diabetes is treated.
Diabetes mellitus is generally divided into two forms: thisType 1 diabetes, this is,Insulin -dependentand alsoType 2 diabetes, this isInsulin -dependent.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus often manifests themselves in young people: mostly, most of these patients are not thirty years old.About 10-15% of the total number of patients with diabetes undergo this form of illness.Diabetes mellitus in children manifests itself mainly in this form.
The first type diabetes is a consequence of the damage to the beta cells of the pancreas that produce insulin.Very often, this type of diabetes are sick after viral disorders -mumps,Viral hepatitis,Rublich.Often diabetes of the first type occurs asAutoimmune diseaseBDue to the defect in the body's immune system.As a rule, in a person who is sick with the first type of diabetes, an unhealthy appeal is manifested.In the blood, sugar levels increase significantly.Patients with the first type of diabetes depend on the constant injections of insulin, which become vital.
Among the diabetics, as a whole, patients with type 2 diabetes prevail. At the same time, about 15% of patients with this form of disease have a normal weight and all others suffer from overweight.
Type 2 diabetes is developing, following a fundamentally different cause.In this case, with beta cells, enough or too much insulin is produced, however, the tissues in the body lose the ability to accept its specific signal.In this case, insulin injections for survival are not necessary, but sometimes they are prescribed to control the patient's blood sugar.
The causes of diabetes
One of the type 1 forms of type 1-"Insulin -Denandente", the main reason for this module can be complications after viral infections, for example,influence,Herpesand alsocholelithiasis.Factors that contribute to a type 2 diabetes disease"Insulin -Denandente", are genetic predisposition, as well as diseases of the endocrine system and obesity.
The main reason for the diabetes manifestation is compromisedCarbohydrate metabolism, which manifests itself due to the impossibility of the pancreas to produce the right amount of insulin hormone or produce insulin of the necessary quality.There are many hypotheses concerning the causes of this state.It is known for sure that diabetes is a disease not helpful.There is a theory that the cause of the disease are genetic defects.It has been shown that a higher risk of illness occurs in those people whose close relatives were ill with diabetes.The probability of the disease in people whose diabetes has been diagnosed in both parents is particularly high.
Experts define another significant factor that directly affects the possibility of diabetesobesity.In this case, a person is accessible to regulate their weight, so you should treat this problem with all seriousness.
Another provocative factor is a series of diseases, the result of which is the defeatBeta cells.First of all, we are talkingpancreatitis,Diseases of other internal secretion glands,pancreas tumor.
Viral infections can serve as a sort of trigger mechanism for the beginning of diabetes.Viral infections "launch" diabetes in any case.However, people who have a predisposition of a hereditary character to diabetes and other organization factors have a much higher risk of getting sick from infections.
In addition, doctors determine as a factor predisposing to the factor.stressIt is excessive emotional.The elderly should remember the possibility of sick diabetes: the more one becomes older, the more likely the disease is.
At the same time, the intake of many on the fact that with diabetes those who love to constantly eat a lot of sugar and sweet products are at risk of getting sick from the point of view of the high probability of obesity in such people.
In rarer cases, diabetes mellitus in children and adults occurs as a consequence of some hormonal disorders in the body, as well as damage to the pancreas due to alcohol abuse or take some drugs.
Another hypothesis indicates the viral nature of diabetes.Therefore, type 1 diabetes can manifest itself due to viral damage to the beta cells of the pancreas, producing insulin.As an answer, the immune system producesantibodieswho are calledinsular.
However, to date, there are many dark points in the question of determining the causes of diabetes.
Symptoms of diabetes
The symptoms of diabetes mellitus, first of all, are manifested by too intense a production of urine.A person begins to urinate not only often, but also a lot (a phenomenon calledPolyuria).In consideration of such a phenomenon, the patient has a lotStrong thirst.Together with the urine, it stands outglucose, a person loses calories.Therefore, even a sign of diabetes mellitus will be too strong due to the constant feeling of hunger.
Other unpleasant phenomena occur as symptoms of diabetes: serious effort,Constant sleepiness, the presence of itching in the perineum.The patient can freeze the limbs and visual acuity gradually decreases.
The disease progresses and the following signs of diabetes occur.The patient notes that his wounds heal much worse, gradually the life of the body is inhibited as a whole.
It is important to take into account the fact that the main signs of diabetes, to which each person should pay attention to, is the loss of vitality, a constant feeling of thirst, rapid excretion from the body with the urine of the liquid consumed.
However, at the beginning, the symptoms of diabetes mellitus may not appear at all and the disease can only be determined by laboratory tests.If the disease does not appear and a sugar content is slightly increased in the blood and its presence in the urine occurs, then in a person it is diagnosedPrediabetic state.It is characteristic of a very large number of people and, after ten or fifteen years, they have developed type 2 diabetes. In this case, insulin does not perform a division functioncarbohydrates.As a result, too little glucose enters the bloodstream, which is a source of energy.
Diagnosis of diabetes
Diabetes mellitus manifests itself in a person, therefore, doctors distinguish three periods of its development.In people who are inclined to the disease due to the presence of some risk factors, the period so called is manifestedPrediabet.If glucose is already absorbed by ailments, but the signs of the disease do not yet occur, the patient is diagnosed with the periodhidden diabetes.The third period is directly the development of the disease.
Laboratory tests are of particular importance for diagnosis of diabetes in children and adults.When examining the urine, it is foundacetoneANDsugar.The fastest method to establish a diagnosis is a blood test in which the glucose content is determined.This is also the most reliable diagnostic method.
Greater research precision guarantees oral tolerance of glucose tolerance.Initially, it is necessary to determine which level of glucose in the patient's blood is on an empty stomach.Subsequently, a person should drink a glass of water in which pre -issolved 75 grams of glucose are.After two hours, a second measurement is carried out.If the result of the glucose content was from 3.3 to 7.0 mmol/l, glucose tolerance is disturbed, with a result of over 11.1 mmol/l, the patient is diagnosed with diabetes.
In addition, during diagnosis of diabetes, a blood test is performed forglycogenicIn order to determine the average level of blood sugar for a long period (about 3 months).This method is also used to determine how effective the treatment of diabetes has been in the last three months.
Diabetes treatment
Doctors prescribe a complete diabetes treatment in order to support the normal blood glucose content.In this case, it is important to keep in mind that neither of themhyperglycaemia, that is, an increase in sugar levels, norHypoglycaemia, that is, its fall.
During the whole day, the glucose content should be at the same level.This support allows us to prevent the manifestation of complications of diabetes, which are threatening.Therefore, it is very important that the person himself carefully checks his own state and is as regulated as possible to the therapy for the disease.Glucometer- This is a specially designed device, which allows you to independently measure the level of glucose in the blood.To analyze, you should take a drop of blood from a finger and apply it on a test strip.
It is important that the treatment of diabetes in children and adults start immediately after a person is made a corresponding diagnosis.The doctor defines the methods for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, since the patient takes place type of diabetes.
For the treatment of type 1 diabetes, it is important to provide permanent hormone replacement therapy.For this, a patient is diagnosed every day who has the first type of diabetes should carry out insulin injections.In this case there are no other treatment options.Before the role of insulin was determined in 1921, diabetes did not transfer to treatment.
There is a special classification of insulin, which is based on where the drug comes from and what is the duration of its action.Distinguishbullish,pigANDhumaninsulin.Due to the detection of a series of side effects, insulin bull is used less often today.The structure closest to man is pork insulin.The difference is in oneamino acid.The duration of the effects of insulins can beShort,Average,Long.
As a rule, the patient produces insulin in about 20-30 minutes before eating.It is inserted in the thigh, shoulder or stomach subcutaneously, while the injection site should be alternated with any injection.
When insulin enters the blood, it stimulates the transition process of glucose from blood to tissue.If there was an overdose, it is fraught with hypoglycaemia.The symptoms of this condition are as follows: the patient has a trembling separation, a greater separation of sweat, an accelera heartbeat, a person feels a strong weakness.In this state, a person should quickly increase the glucose level, using several tablespoons of sugar or a glass of fresh water.
An insulin administration scheme should be selected exclusively by a specialist, taking into account all the characteristics of the body, as well as the image of his life.The selection of daily insulin doses is made so that it corresponds to the physiological standard.Two thirds of the hormonal doses are accepted in the morning and in the afternoon, one third in the afternoon and night.There are several patterns for the introduction of injections, the feasibility whose use is determined by the doctor.The correction of insulin doses is possible according to a series of factors (diet, physical loads, characteristics of carbohydrate metabolism).An important role in determining optimal insulin intake is administered to the independent measurement of glucose levels and maintaining recordings relating to the car -observation.
In this case, the corresponding diet in diabetes is very necessary.It is important that the patient takes food according to a special scheme: three main meals and three others.The diet for diabetes is taking into account the fact that the blood sugar content has greatly increased by carbohydrates.However, a serious restriction of their use is not required.Subject to normal human body weight, it is important to take into account the amount of carbohydrates to choose the correct insulin dose.
If a person has a second type of diabetes diabetes, then at the beginning of the disease it is not possible to take drugs.In this case, a diet in diabetes is important, which provides for the minimization of the use of simple carbohydrates and a competent approach to physical effort.If diabetes advances, drug therapy is required.The doctor prescribes the treatment with sugar -free drugs.Choose drugs suitable for derivativesSulfonelmochevina,Prandial glykemia regulators.Help to increase sensitivity to the insulin of the tissueBiguanides(Drugs also reduce the absorption of glucose into the intestine) andTiazolidindo.In the absence of the effect of treatment with specified drugs, patients are prescribed by insulin therapy.
With diabetes, popular recipes are also practiced that stimulate a decrease in blood sugar.For this purpose, herbs that have such properties are used.This is a sheet of blueberries, flax seeds, scent of leaves, laurel sheet, juniper and pink fruits, butterfly root, dioic nettle leaves, etc.Herbal decoctions are taken several times a day before eating.
Power supply for diabetes
For patientssugarType 1 diabetesThe main treatment of diabetes is insulin injections and the diet acts as a significant addition to pharmacological treatment, while for patientsType 2 diabetes- A dietary diet based on a diet is the main method of treatment.Since the normal functioning of the development of diabetes is compromisedpancreas, leading to a decrease in insulin production, which is involved in the assimilation of sugar by the body, therefore an adequate diet and diet are of great importance.The diabetes diet is used to normalize carbohydrate metabolism and to prevent fat metabolism.
What should be food:
- frequent and regular meals (preferably4-5 timesPer day, roughly in the same period), it is advisable to evenly distribute the use of carbohydrates according to meals;
- The food should be richmacro-ANDmicroelements(zinc, football, phosphorus, potassium) and alsovitamins(Vitamins of Group B, A, P, Ascorbic Acid, Retinol, Riboflavin, Thiamine);
- The food should be varied;
- sugarIt is worth replacingSorbitol, Xilite, Fruttose, AspartamORsugarwhich can be added to suitable food and drinks;
- You can use before1.5 litersliquids per day;
- Preference should be given to difficult carbohydrates to digest (vegetables, fruit, coarse flour bread), products containing fibers (raw vegetables, beans, peas, oats) and limit the use of cholesterol -rich products - egg yolks, liver, kidneys;
- The diet must be observed strictly so as not to cause the development or exacerbation of the disease.
The diabetes diet does not prohibit sugar and in some cases recommends the following products in the diet:
- Black or specialDiabetic bread(200-300 gr. Per day);
- vegetable soups, cabbage soup, okroshki, beetroot;
- The soups prepared on the meat broth can be consumed 2 times a week;
- Lowly fatty meat (beef, veal, rabbit), poultry (turkey, chicken), fish (perch, cod, pike) (about 100-150 gr. per day) in boiled, cooked or poured form;
- Useful dishes of cereals (buckwheat, oatmeal, mile) and pasta, legumes can be consumed on alternate days;
- Potatoes, carrots and beets - no more than 200 g.per day;
- The rest of the vegetables: the cabbage, including colorful, cucumbers, spinach, tomatoes, aubergines and vegetables, can be consumed without restrictions;
- The eggs cannot be more than 2 pieces;
- 200-300 gr.The day of apples, oranges, lemons, is possible in the form of juices with pulp;
- Lattiero-Caseari products (Kefir, Yogurt) -1-2 cups per day and cheese, milk and sour cream with the doctor's permit;
- It is recommended to consume low-fat cheese daily to be consumed daily at 150-200 gr.per day in any form;
- From fats per day can be consumed up to 40 g.Hot butter and vegetable oil.
Drinks, drinking black, green tea, weak coffee, juices of juices, composed of acid varieties with the addition of xylitis or sorbitol, decoction of rose and mineral water.
It is important for people with diabetes.Easily digestible carbohydrates.These products include sugar, honey, jam, pastry, desserts, chocolate.The use of cakes, muffins, fruit - bananas, raisins, grapes is strictly limited.In addition, it is worth reducing use to a minimumfatty foods, first of all, fat, vegetables and butter, fatty meat, sausage, mayonnaise.In addition, it is better to exclude fried, sharp, spicy and smoked dishes, sharp snacks, salted vegetables and in brine, cream, alcohol from the diet.Salato salt per day can be consumed no more than 12 g.
Diet for diabetes
The diet in diabetes must be observed without foul.The characteristics of the diet in diabetes in this case involve the normalization of the metabolism of carbohydrates in the human body and at the same time facilitating the functioning of the pancreas.The diet excludes easily digestible carbohydrates, limits usefat.People with diabetes must consume many vegetables, but at the same time they limit cholesterol containing food and salt.Food should be cooked and cook.
We recommend a patient with diabetes to eat a lot of cabbage, tomatoes, courgettes, herbs, cucumbers, beets.Instead of sugar, patients with diabetes can eat xilit, sorbitol, fructose.At the same time, it is necessary to limit the amount of potatoes, bread, cereals, carrots, fats, honey.
It is forbidden to eat sweet pastry chefs, chocolate, sweets, jam, bananas, spicy, smoked, stem and pork fat, mustard, alcohol, grapes, raisins.
You must always take food at the same time, food intake cannot be passed.The food should contain a lot of fiber.To do this, it should periodically include legumes, rice, oats, buckwheat in the diet.Every day, a patient with diabetes should drink many liquids.
Diet n.9
Dietologists have developed a recommended special diet as the main nutrition for diabetes.A characteristic of diet n.9 is that it can be adapted to the patient's individual flavors, adding or excluding some dishes at will.The diet in diabetes creates the conditions for the normalization of carbohydrate metabolism, helps to maintain patient performance and is developed taking into account the severity of the disease, concomitant diseases, weight and energy costs.There is also diet n.9A, which is used as a base for the collection of the diet amild form of diabetes.As well as in the forms with concomitant obesity of various degrees in patients who do not receive insulin and n.9b, with a greater rule of protein consumption, for patients with a serious form of diabetes, who receive treatment with diabetes insulin and have an additional physical activity.Heavy shapeOften complicated by liver, cystifellea, pancreas diseases.
Diet n.9Approximately includes such a diet:
- Breakfast(to work, 7 in the morning point): buckwheat porridge, meat paste or low -fat cottage cheese;Tea on xlet, bread with butter.
- Lunch(At lunchtime, 12 hours of the day): cottage, 1 cup of kefir.
- Dinner(After work, 17 hours a day): vegetable soup, potatoes with boiled meat, an apple or orange.Or: dried cabbage soup, boiled meat with stewed carrots, tea on xilita.
- Dinner(20 on the spot in the evening): boiled fish with cabbage or potato pins, pink decoction.
- Before going to bed, a glass of kefir or yogurt.
Diabetes prevention
Diabetes prevention involves maintaining the healthiest lifestyle.You should not allow extra kilos, constantly exercise and play sports.Each person should reduce the use of fats and sweets.If a person is already forty years old or in his family there have been cases of diabetes, then the prevention of diabetes sugar provides for a regular test of blood sugar.
You have to try to consume many fruits and vegetables every day, include more products in the diet with a high complex carbohydrate content.It is equally important to monitor the amount of salt and sugar in the daily diet - in this case abuse is not allowed.There should be many products containing vitamin in the diet.
In addition, for the prevention of diabetes, it is important to be constantly in a state of mental balance, avoid stressful situations.In addition, a violation of carbohydrate metabolism is manifested due to greater pressure, so it is very important to prevent this condition in advance.
Complications of diabetes
The complications of diabetes that manifest themselves whether the treatment of diabetes is not carried out are a particular danger for health and human life, or is carried out incorrectly.Because of these complications, a fatal result often occurs.It is customary to distinguish between acute complications of diabetes, which develop rapidly in the patient, as well as late complications, which occur several years later.
Acute complications of diabetes are manifestedcoma: In this state, the patient loses knowledge, has violated the functions of a number of organs: liver, kidneys, heart, nervous system.The reasons for the development of the coma are a strong changeacidityBlood, a violation of the relationship between salts and water in the body, the manifestation of lactic acid largely, a strong drop in the blood of the glucose levels.
Like late complications of diabetes, damage to small vessels of kidneys and eyes often occur.If a large ship is hit, the occurrence can occurhit,myocardial infarction,Gangrene.The human nervous system also suffers.